文博日历丨壮族三月三，打起腰鼓唱起歌咧
<p class="otitle">（原标题：文博日历丨壮族三月三，打起腰鼓唱起歌咧）</p>
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<p>今天是“壮族三月三”</p>
<p>广西朋友准备好对山歌了吗？</p>
<p>在古代的岭南地区</p>
<p>人们载歌载舞可少不了这种乐器</p>
<p>今天一起认识永福窑青釉彩绘花腔腰鼓</p>
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<p>01</p>
<p>打起腰鼓唱起歌</p>
<p>这个“小蛮腰”不简单</p>
<p>说起腰鼓</p>
<p>可能你会想到这个场面</p>
<p class="f_center"><img onerror="javascript:this.style.opacity = 0;" src="https://nimg.ws.126.net/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fcms-bucket.ws.126.net%2F2024%2F0411%2F86e29581j00sbrox60021c000m800eqc.jpg&thumbnail=660x2147483647&quality=80&type=jpg" style="margin: 0px auto; display: block;" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></p>
<p>历史上的腰鼓可不只有这样的造型</p>
<p>宋代广西本地瓷窑生产的一种细腰鼓</p>
<p>在当时颇为流行</p>
<p class="f_center"><img onerror="javascript:this.style.opacity = 0;" src="https://nimg.ws.126.net/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fcms-bucket.ws.126.net%2F2024%2F0411%2F40764b3cj00sbrox6006lc0028g01i0c.jpg&thumbnail=660x2147483647&quality=80&type=jpg" style="margin: 0px auto; display: block;" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></p>
<p>这件瓷制的青釉彩绘花腔腰鼓</p>
<p>出土于广西桂林永福窑田岭窑</p>
<p>鼓长46.7厘米</p>
<p>腰鼓的瓷质为灰胎</p>
<p>鼓身施有青釉</p>
<p>一头近似球形</p>
<p>另一头是喇叭形</p>
<p>拥有细长的“小蛮腰”</p>
<p class="f_center"><img onerror="javascript:this.style.opacity = 0;" src="https://nimg.ws.126.net/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fcms-bucket.ws.126.net%2F2024%2F0411%2Fd535724bj00sbrox60064c0028g01i0c.jpg&thumbnail=660x2147483647&quality=80&type=jpg" style="margin: 0px auto; display: block;" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></p>
<p>仔细观察鼓身</p>
<p>描绘有抽象的双螭（chī）纹和蜻蜓褐彩花纹</p>
<p>“螭”是传说中一种没有角的龙</p>
<p>古代工艺品上经常用它作装饰</p>
<p>02</p>
<p>广西民间普遍使用的腰鼓</p>
<p>怎么演奏？</p>
<p>广西地区的壮族、瑶族等少数民族</p>
<p>在丰收与节庆盛典时</p>
<p>都有敲打腰鼓的习俗</p>
<p>以前还广泛应用于</p>
<p>傩戏、傩舞、师公戏等和祭祀有关的场合</p>
<blockquote>
<p>故桂林人多能乐，坊井家有此鼓，吉凶事悉合乐，终夜“搭腊”不已。</p>
</blockquote>
<p>《桂林郡志》记述了广西桂林腰鼓在民间的普遍性</p>
<p>以及它在祭祀活动中的重要用途</p>
<p>直到今天</p>
<p>永福的民间活动中仍在使用瓷质腰鼓</p>
<p>在“永福阴笛乐”演奏中</p>
<p>其中起支柱主音作用的乐器就是腰鼓</p>
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<p>首先用羊皮蒙住圆球一端</p>
<p>然后勒住“小蛮腰”</p>
<p>以松紧程度控制音程</p>
<p>一般定在G或D音</p>
<p>演奏过程中起到节拍器的作用</p>
<p>在圆球的一端敲击</p>
<p>喇叭口就能把声音传得很远</p>
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<p>但“永福阴笛乐”演奏中的腰鼓</p>
<p>并非球状端开口 而是短圆柱状口</p>
<p>由此也可看出永福窑田岭窑出土的腰鼓</p>
<p>对后来腰鼓形制的影响</p>
<p>03</p>
<p>随丝绸之路传到中原</p>
<p>宋代建造窑场专门烧制腰鼓</p>
<p>瓷腰鼓始见于隋 盛于唐</p>
<p>延续至宋元</p>
<p>这种类型的腰鼓源于西域</p>
<p>在西汉时期随着丝绸之路传到中原地区</p>
<p>隋唐时随着乐舞的兴盛在中原流行</p>
<p>演奏龟兹（qiū cí）、疏勒等西域乐舞时</p>
<p>就会使用到腰鼓</p>
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<p>△修复后的瓷腰鼓</p>
<p>宋代腰鼓也广泛用于民乐</p>
<p>南宋范成大在《桂海虞衡志》中曾记载</p>
<blockquote>
<p>花腔腰鼓，出临桂职田乡。其土特宜鼓腔，村人专作窑烧之，油画红花纹以为饰。</p>
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<p>至今广西许多地区仍有使用腰鼓的习俗</p>
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<p>△永福窑田岭窑地理位置示意图</p>
<p>从目前的考古发掘来看</p>
<p>广西宋代的永福窑田岭窑、藤县中和窑、容县城关窑等</p>
<p>都有瓷腰鼓烧造</p>
<p>其中以永福窑田岭窑数量最多</p>
<p>还有专门烧制腰鼓的窑场</p>
<p class="f_center"><img onerror="javascript:this.style.opacity = 0;" src="https://nimg.ws.126.net/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fcms-bucket.ws.126.net%2F2024%2F0411%2F291bfff8j00sbrox800a3c000l800fyc.jpg&thumbnail=660x2147483647&quality=80&type=jpg" style="margin: 0px auto; display: block;" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></p>
<p>△永福窑田岭一号窑实景图</p>
<p>产量这么大</p>
<p>难道当时“人手一鼓”？</p>
<p>其实不单是本地百姓们使用</p>
<p>广西宋代瓷窑的产品也会大量出口到国外</p>
<p>宋代是我国制瓷业蓬勃发展的时期</p>
<p>广西当时主要烧造腰鼓的瓷窑</p>
<p>都分布在古代水路交通要道的沿线</p>
<p>说明这些瓷窑的产品也会通过水路销往外地</p>
<p>腰鼓在能歌善舞的少数民族中不断传承创新</p>
<p>见证了中原文化和岭南文化的融合</p>
<p>跨越地域与时空</p>
<p>让我们听见了千年前的余音</p>
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